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原作者:何晓琪
   出版年: “民90”
     研究生: 何晓琪 Ho, Hsiao-Chi
(以研究生姓名查询“国家图书馆”索书号 ,未查获者表“国图”尚未典藏)
(以研究生姓名查询“国科会科资中心”微片数据库)
(连结至“全国”图书联合目录)  (连结至政大图书馆馆藏目录)
    电子全文: 电子全文下载
    论文名称: 医疗错误之国际发展与研究取向之优劣分析--美国、澳洲、英国及
台湾之实证分析
    论文名称: A Comparative study of the Empirical Evidence of Medical
Errors in U.S., Australia, England and Taiwan
    指导教授: 杨秀仪 博士 Yang, Hsiu-I
郑守夏 博士 Cheng, Shou-Hsia
    学位类别: 硕士
    校院名称: 国立台湾大学
    系所名称: 卫生政策与管理研究所
      学号: R88845107
     学年度: 89
     语文别: 中文
    论文页数: 186
     关键词: 医疗错误 medical error、医疗伤害 medical injury、医疗纠纷 malpractice
比较研究 comparative study、美国 U.S.A. 、澳洲 Australia、英国 England、台湾 Taiwan
[摘要]
摘 要
美国IOM在1999年底发表To Err is Human一书之后,即引起大众对于医疗错误的注意。虽然医疗错误的证据早在1960年代即有文献发表,但直到IOM的报告发表,又揭露此问题的普遍及重要性后,才攫取大众的注意。医疗错误(medical error)简单地说即「在医疗行为中所有相关人员行为的错误」,它可能进一步地造成医疗伤害(medical injury),而这其中所带来的问题正是对品质和成本的打击。国内目前的相关研究还停留在问题的下游──医疗纠纷,而对医疗伤害及医疗错误缺乏认识,由于这些概念困难又不易研究,因此我国并没有系统性的研究,自然无助于问题发生之减少。
本研究采比较研究法(comparative method)。以美国经验为主,辅以澳洲及英国资料,了解各国对医疗错误相关研究之研究方法,期能从中寻求台湾将来发展这方面的研究时可考虑之方式。
由美国研究的经验可以归纳出研究医疗错误主要有两大方法:通报法及病历审查法。病历审查法耗费大量人力、时间、金钱,需组成跨学科团队,虽有其限制在,但最为严谨。通报方法之准确度不如病历审查法,尤其在一般自愿通报的情形,除非能营造良好、开放的情境,确保医疗人员不会因为错误而受到惩罚,否则会有低报的情形出现;但此法能重现情境,亦能有助于预防策略之拟订。
在台湾方面,并无病历审查法之研究,连以通报法进行之研究亦付之阙如,常见的多是以问卷调查方式进行研究。英国方面有学者援引美国加州研究及哈佛研究之结果推估该国病患受医疗伤害之数目。虽然没有做任何调整,但它还是提供了一个粗略的图像。其推估法和IOM的推估方法大致相同,本研究遂取材本国的住院人次,参酌美国研究的发生数字,估计了台湾因可避免的医疗伤害造成住院病患的年死亡人数,最低估计值也近三千人,超过十大死因第九位。其可信度和意义或许不足,但略可提供参考。
本论文主张:短期而言,台湾可发展院内的事件通报系统,因为它的成本不高、又有一定的效度。在中期发展上,我们期待医疗院所可以学习美国以院内通报加上病历审查的方式来认识医疗错误。了解病历审查法及通报方法两种方法在实行上的困难点为何、也可以对于地域性的医疗错误特性及致因有所洞察,发展初步的介入策略。长期来看,当各界对医疗错误的议题有所觉醒,并蓄积足够资源之时,可以发展适于我国之病历审查法,以得到准确度较高的医疗伤害及医疗错误的图像。但必须要能取得病历、有医师研究人员的投入配合、还有跨学科团队之组成,并由对此议题有充分认识的研究者来领导,才可能完成此一规模巨大之研究。考虑到此法之耗费庞大,在常态、定期地的长远规画来看,计算机化的事件监测系统(computerized event monitoring)或事件通报系统还是一个以合理成本获得有效信息之好方法。
[摘要]
Abstract
The Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) publication of To Err is Human at the endof 1999 brought medical errors the attention it has never had. While theevidence of medical errors has been reported in the literature published in asearly as the 1960s, IOM’s report succeeded in capturing the public’sattention by revealing the magnitude and pervasion of this problem. Brieflyspeaking, medical errors are those made by related participators in medicalbehaviors. Medical errors may further result in medical injury. The problemsamong them are the loss of quality and cost in medicine. At present, studiesin Taiwan still focused on the downstream of this problem— malpractice, andlacked the understanding of medical injury and medical errors. Because of thedifficulties in making sense of and conducting study on these concepts, Taiwanlacks for systematic researches in this field. Consequently, malpractice isstill occurring and increasing. This study takes the comparative method, using empirical evidences mainly fromU.S.A. accompanied with those from Australia and England to know themethodology adopted in studying this concept in developed countries. The studyis intended to explore methods that could be used in Taiwan in the future. From evidences of American researches, there are two methods used widely—incident reporting system and chart review method. The review of medicalrecords needs great input in the staff, money and duration. As a result, themethod has its own limitation but is the most rigorous one. The validity ofincident reporting system is not so good as that of chart review method,particularly in the case of voluntary reporting. Moreover, it might hinderphysicians from reporting especially if there is no open and liberal conditionto ensure that reporters will not be punished for their errors. As thereporters in the incident reporting system, physicians are nonetheless aperfect group for intervention to reduce error rate. Nowadays, there is study using neither chart review method nor incidentreporting method in Taiwan. There are only studies by filling outquestionnaires. One UK study used two American studies as the base to estimatethe number of patients injured by medical management in the country. Thoughwithout adjusting, it still provided us with a rough image. Based on themethod used in the UK study and related statistics from American ones, thenumber of Taiwanese inpatients killed by preventable medical injury isestimated to be around 3,000 every year even by the more conservative figure,which precedes that of the ninth leading cause of death in Taiwan. Therefore,we should be aware of the acute problem from this rough idea. In terms of methodology, the suggestion of this thesis is as follows: In theshort run, it is considerable to develop incident reporting systems insidehospitals. The cost won’t be too high but the method still has its efficacy.In the middle stage, it is important to adopt chart review method in additionat hospitals to know medical errors well. In the long term, only with thepublic awaken and enough resources and support can we conduct studies usingchart review method suit for Taiwan to figure out a clear image of medicalinjury and medical errors in our own country. Before that, it should be readyin many aspects such as charts, physicians’ participation, aninterdisciplinary study team, and a leader ingenious in this field. As thechart review method is very expensive, computerized event monitoring orincident reporting is suggested to be a cost-effective method for regular androutine use.
[论文目次]
Contents
   授权书
   口试及格书
   致谢………………….……….……………………………………..…   I
   摘要…………………….…….……………………………………..…   III
   英文摘要………………….……….………………………………..…   IV
   内容目录…………………….…….………………………………..…   VII
   图表目录……………………….….………………………………..…   X
第一章    绪论……………………………………………………………..…. 1
   第一节     研究动机:问题之提出………….…………………………….… 1
   第二节     研究背景与重要性…………….……………………………..…. 5
   第三节     研究目的……………………….……………………………..…. 9
   第四节     研究设计与方法…………………….……………………….….. 10
一、     论文架构…………………………………………………….....  10
二、     研究方法…………………………………………………….....  10
   (一)         比较分析的方法…………………………………………..
…   11
   (二)         资料搜集的方法……………………………………….….
…   12
   第五节     研究限制与未来展望………………………………………..….  14
第二章    从医疗纠纷到医疗错误…………………………………………... 15
   第一节     医疗纠纷、医疗伤害及医疗错误概念之厘清…...…….………. 16
   第二节     医疗纠纷之相关研究文献回顾……………………….………... 19
一、     医疗纠纷之定义及其处理方式…………………………….....  19
二、     医疗纠纷发生之起源及因应……………………….………....  21
三、     医疗纠纷所造成之影响………………………………….……   23
   (一)         医师行为方面……………………………………………..
…   23
   (二)         社会成本方面……………………………………………..
…   24
四、     医疗纠纷相关研究之现况…………………………….………   24
   (一)         非法界……………………………………………….…….
…   24
       1    .   陈荣基及谢启瑞(1991)………………………………
…..   25
       2    .   卢昭文(1999)……………………………………………
….   26
       3    .   讨论……………………………………………….……….
…   26
   (二)         法界………………………………………………………..
…   28
   第三节     医疗伤害及医疗错误之相关研究文献回顾….…….………….. 30
一、     医疗伤害及医疗错误之定义……….……………...………….  30
二、     医疗伤害的发生及盛行情形……….……………...………….  33
三、     医疗伤害之成本……………………………………………….   34
四、     医疗错误之研究…...………….…....…………………….…… 36
       1    .   林惠珍(1994)…………………………………………
…..   40
       2    .   许育彰(1997)…………………………………………
….    40
       3    .   纪政良(1998)…………………………………….……….
…  41
       4    .   讨论……………………………………………….……….
…   42
   第四节     小结….…………………………..………...….…………….…
…    44
第三章    医疗错误之实证研究:美国经验…...…………….………….…..    45
   第一节     美国医疗错误研究背景之简介……………………………….... 46
   第二节     美国医疗错误相关实证研究之研究取向一:事件通报法……  47
一、     自愿通报与病历审查并用…….…...……….….…….….….… 48
二、     通报方法及统计方法并用…………………………………….   48
三、     自愿通报与计算机监测系统………………………………….....  50
四、     通报与访谈(以巡房及电子邮件之方式)并用……………..  53
五、     事件通报及合意投票并用………………………………….....  53
   第三节     美国医疗错误相关实证研究之研究取向二:病历审查法….... 55
一、     加州研究(1974)………………………………....……….…...    55
   (一)         研究背景………………………………………………….
….   55
   (二)         研究方法………………………………………………….
….   56
   (三)         研究发现………………………………………………….
….   56
二、     纽约州研究(1984)………………………………....………... 56
   (一)         研究背景………………………………………………….
….   56
   (二)         研究方法………………………………………………….
….   57
   (三)         研究发现…………………………………………………
…..   62
三、     犹他州与科罗拉多州研究(1992)………………....……….. 72
   (一)         研究背景…………………………………………………
…..   72
   (二)         研究方法………………………………………………….
….   73
   (三)         研究发现…………………………………………………
…..   82
四、     跨院特定疾病病历摘要审查之研究………………………….   88
五、     院内特定疾病病历摘要审查之研究…………………….……   88
   第四节     美国医疗错误相关实证研究之研究取向三:其它…………….. 89
一、     参与观察法……...……………………………………………..  89
   (一)         研究背景…………….……………………………………
….   89
   (二)         研究方法………………….………………………………
….   89
   (三)         研究发现……………………….…………………………
….   89
二、     验尸报告……………………………….………………………   90
   第五节     小结………...………………………..….………………………. 91
第四章    医疗错误相关实证研究之比较分析……………………………... 93
   第一节     研究取向之综合比较…………….……………………………... 94
一、     事件通报法………………………….……………...………….  94
       澳洲开业医自愿性通报研究(1995)……………………….   95
二、     病历审查法………….…………………………………..……..  100
       澳洲医疗照护品质之研究(1992)…………………………...  101
       病历审查法与通报法并用…………………………………….   116
三、     其它研究方法.…...………….…....…………………………… 120
   第二节     发生情形推估…………………….………………………....…..
124
一、     以国外资料来推估我国的发生情形……………………….…   124
   (一)         推算IOM的推估公式…………………………………...
….    124
   (二)         直接推算台湾的发生情形………………………….….…
…   125
二、     综合国内药物治疗研究来推估…………………………….....  125
三、     推估值之诠释…………………………………………….……   126
   (一)         以国外资料直接推估者………..………………………....
…  126
   (二)         综合国内药物治疗研究来推估………………………….
….   127
   第三节     小结………………………………………………………………  
128
第五章    医疗错误之未来展望:代结论…………………………………....    
133
   第一节     政策建议──可采之研究取向….….………………………….. 
134
一、     短期:发展院内的事件通报系统………………………….…   135
二、     中期:发展国家级的强制通报系统及病历审查法………….   137
三、     长期:改善政策、制度及相关的配套措拖以进行病历审查研究………………
…………………………………………….  137
   第二节     结论………………………….……….……………………….…. 
141
附录A    医疗错误之介绍….……………….………………………………. 147
附录B    私人交流……………….………………………………………….. 163
参考文献   ……………………………………………….…..………………… 167
   中文部分        …………………………………………………...…………
……  167
   英文部分        ………………………………………………………………
…...  174
List of Figures and Tables
图2-1    识别错误的架构…………………………..…..……………………….... 37
表3-1    美国哈佛研究中护理审查者所采的筛检标准表...………………….…  59
图3-1    美国哈佛研究病历审查过程……………………………………………   64
表3-2    美国哈佛研究中不良事件之类型及过失不良事件所占比例…………   65
表3-3    美国哈佛研究中依药物涉入频次列出药物不良事件之药物…………   67
表3-4    美国哈佛研究中药物相关并发症之类型…….………………………...  67
表3-5    美国哈佛研究中导致不良事件之错误的类型,由审查者以加权后样本分类…
…………………..………………………………………….…. 69
表3-6    美国哈佛研究加权后样本之特定错误类型的发生情形.……………...  70
表3-7    美国犹他州与科罗拉多州研究中护理审查者所采的筛检标准表…....  79
图3-2    美国犹他州与科罗拉多州研究病历审查概观………………………....  83
表3-8    美国犹他州与科罗拉多州研究中不良事件之类型………...………….  85
表4-1    QAHCS研究RF1表格所采的18项筛检标准、各标准中阳性病历之百分比及有不
良事件之危险比(OR)…….……………………………    105
图4-1    澳洲病历审查研究之审查过程……………………………...…….……  
108
表4-2    各研究取向之过程面……………...……………………………….……  
129
表4-3    各研究取向之研究结果面…...…………………………………….……  
130
表4-4    研究取向之优劣比较…………………………...…………………….…  
132
[参考文献]
参考文献
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“行政院”卫生署-卫生信息-卫生统计-死因统计-“民国”86年台湾地区主要死亡原因:http://www.doh.gov.tw/lane/statist/86/86stat3-1-01idx.html
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