最明显的表现是,国际组织对无罪推定的规定和解释渐趋一致,比如,联合国人权事务委员会在2007年通过的“一般评论”第32条指出,无罪推定对于人权保障是根本性的,它要求控方承担对指控的证明责任,保证在未经排除合理疑问地证明指控之前不得推定罪行的存在,确保存在疑问时作出有利于被追诉者的结论;并且要求被追诉者必须被给予与该原则相一致的对待。为此,一切公共权力机构不得预断案件的审判结果,被告人在审判时通常不得被戴上镣铐或置于笼子里或者以其它方式显示其可能是危险的罪犯,媒体应当避免损害无罪推定的新闻报道,审前羁押也绝不能被视为有罪及罪行轻重的体现。 See Lilienthal's Tobacco v. United States, 97 U. S. (7 Otto)237, 267(1877). 塞耶认为,无罪推定是真正的推定,属于一种可反驳的法律推定,而且,只是转移提出证据的责任。(See Bryan A. Gamer:Black's law dictionary( seven edition),West Group, 1999,pp. 1026,1486.) See, e. g.,Coffin v. United States, 156 U. S. 432, 454(1895);Estelle v. Williams, 425 U. S. 501,503(1976);Norfolk v.Flynn, 475 U. S. 560, 567 (1986);Kentucky v. Whorton, 441 U. S786. 790 (1979);Taylor v. Kentucky, 436 U. S. 478,479(1978) Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U. S. 520, 545(1979). See Kentucky v. Whorton, 441 U. S. 786 (1979). See United States v. Barnes, 604 F. 2d 121 (2d Cir. 1979),cert. denied, 446 U.S. 907 (1980). See Vargas v. Keane, 86 F. 3d 1273 (2d Cir. 1996). See Stack v. Boyle, 342 U. S. 1 (1951). See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U. S. 520 (1979). See US v. Salerno, 481 U. 5.739(1987). 当然,虽然多数国家开始接受,无罪推定是一项包含证据法、程序法、人权法多重效果的人权原则,但在对这些效果的具体理解和适用上,仍然存在歧异,比如对于无罪推定所要求的证明责任和证明标准,“罪疑唯轻”的适用范围,无罪推定蕴含着哪些诉讼权利以及无罪推定的生效范围,各国态度并不一致。 See Salabiaku v. France (1991)13 EHRR 379 【参考文献】 {1}Jeff Thaler. Punishing the Innocent: The Need forDue Process and the Presumption of Innocence Prior to Trial[J].1978 Wisconsin Law Review 444,(1978):459. {2}Franqois Quintara-Morenas. The Presumption of In-nocence in the French and Anglo-American Legal Traditions[J].58 American Journal of Comparative Law 107,(2010):112-126. {3}William L. Burdick. The Principles of Roman Lawand Their Relation to Modern Law[ M].The Lawyers Co Oper-ative Publishing, 1938:693. {4}James Bradley Thayer. Presumption of Innocence inCriminal Cases [ J ].6 Yale Law Journal 185,(1896):187-191. {5}Meyer. Constitutionality of Pretrial Detention [ J ].60Georgetown Law Journal 1381,(1972):1448. {6}Thomas Starkie. A Practical Treatise on the Law ofEvidence and Digest of Proofs, in Civil and Criminal Proce-dures[ M].London, J.&W. T. Clarke, 1824:1248. {7}Frederick G. Kempin. Historical to Anglo-Ameri-can law[M].West Group, 2001:62. {8}孙长永.沉默权制度研究[M]。北京:法律出版社,2001:32. {9}The Presumption of Innocence in Practice: A Com-parison Between the Common and the Civil Law[ J].14 Crimi-nal Law Magazine and Reporter 184,(1892):188. {10}Jerome E. Janssen, The Legal Procedure of the 13thCentury French Inquisition[ D].Pb. D. dissertation, Universityof Wisconsin, 1954:53 {11}贝卡利亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].黄风,译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993 :31. {12}约翰·亨利·梅利曼.大陆法系[M].顾培东,等,译北京:法律出版社,2004:137. {13}J. H. Wigmore. A Treatise on the Anglo-Ameri-can system of Evidence in trials at Common Law[ M ].Bostonittle, Brown, 1940:407. {14}孙长永,等.刑事证明责任制度研究[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2009:42 -64. {15}Steve Sheppard. Metamorphoses of ReasonableDoubt: How Changes in the Burden of Proof Have Weakenedthe Presumption of Innocence [ J ].78 Notre Dame Law Review1165,(2003):1239. {16} H. Cleveland Coxe. Personal Liberty in France [ J ].13 Yale Law .Journal 218(1904) :218-220. {17}刘新魁.《法国刑事诉讼法典》2000年以来的重大修改[G]//陈光中.21世纪域外刑事诉讼立法最新发展,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:225 {18}朗胜.欧盟国家审前羁押与保释制度[M].北京:法律出版社,2006:118. {19}汉斯·海因里希·耶赛克、托马斯·魏根特.德国刑法教科书(总论)[M].徐久生,译北京:中国法制出版社,2001:180 {20}Stefan Trechsel. Human rights in criminal proceed-ings [ J].Oxford University Press,2005: 170 {21}西尔蒙·西马蒙蒂法国刑事证据制度研究[G]//施鹏鹏,译.何家弘证据学论坛(第12卷),北京:法律出版社,2007:287. {22}松尾浩也.日本刑事诉讼法[M].张凌,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005:15-18. {23}Victor Tadros and Stephen Tierney. Presumption ofInnocence and the Human Rights Act [ J ].67 Modern Law Re-view 402,(2004):404. {24}贝尔纳·布洛克.法国刑事诉讼法[M].罗结珍,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2009:69. {25}崔云飞.无罪推定之具体实践:以欧洲人权法院判例法为核心[D].台北:台湾大学法律学研究所,2006:36-53. 出处:《现代法学》2010年第4期
最明显的表现是,国际组织对无罪推定的规定和解释渐趋一致,比如,联合国人权事务委员会在2007年通过的“一般评论”第32条指出,无罪推定对于人权保障是根本性的,它要求控方承担对指控的证明责任,保证在未经排除合理疑问地证明指控之前不得推定罪行的存在,确保存在疑问时作出有利于被追诉者的结论;并且要求被追诉者必须被给予与该原则相一致的对待。为此,一切公共权力机构不得预断案件的审判结果,被告人在审判时通常不得被戴上镣铐或置于笼子里或者以其它方式显示其可能是危险的罪犯,媒体应当避免损害无罪推定的新闻报道,审前羁押也绝不能被视为有罪及罪行轻重的体现。
See Lilienthal's Tobacco v. United States, 97 U. S. (7 Otto)237, 267(1877).
塞耶认为,无罪推定是真正的推定,属于一种可反驳的法律推定,而且,只是转移提出证据的责任。(See Bryan A. Gamer:Black's law dictionary( seven edition),West Group, 1999,pp. 1026,1486.)
See, e. g.,Coffin v. United States, 156 U. S. 432, 454(1895);Estelle v. Williams, 425 U. S. 501,503(1976);Norfolk v.Flynn, 475 U. S. 560, 567 (1986);Kentucky v. Whorton, 441 U. S786. 790 (1979);Taylor v. Kentucky, 436 U. S. 478,479(1978)
Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U. S. 520, 545(1979).
See Kentucky v. Whorton, 441 U. S. 786 (1979).
See United States v. Barnes, 604 F. 2d 121 (2d Cir. 1979),cert. denied, 446 U.S. 907 (1980).
See Vargas v. Keane, 86 F. 3d 1273 (2d Cir. 1996).
See Stack v. Boyle, 342 U. S. 1 (1951).
See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U. S. 520 (1979).
See US v. Salerno, 481 U. 5.739(1987).
当然,虽然多数国家开始接受,无罪推定是一项包含证据法、程序法、人权法多重效果的人权原则,但在对这些效果的具体理解和适用上,仍然存在歧异,比如对于无罪推定所要求的证明责任和证明标准,“罪疑唯轻”的适用范围,无罪推定蕴含着哪些诉讼权利以及无罪推定的生效范围,各国态度并不一致。
See Salabiaku v. France (1991)13 EHRR 379
【参考文献】
{1}Jeff Thaler. Punishing the Innocent: The Need forDue Process and the Presumption of Innocence Prior to Trial[J].1978 Wisconsin Law Review 444,(1978):459.
{2}Franqois Quintara-Morenas. The Presumption of In-nocence in the French and Anglo-American Legal Traditions[J].58 American Journal of Comparative Law 107,(2010):112-126.
{3}William L. Burdick. The Principles of Roman Lawand Their Relation to Modern Law[ M].The Lawyers Co Oper-ative Publishing, 1938:693.
{4}James Bradley Thayer. Presumption of Innocence inCriminal Cases [ J ].6 Yale Law Journal 185,(1896):187-191.
{5}Meyer. Constitutionality of Pretrial Detention [ J ].60Georgetown Law Journal 1381,(1972):1448.
{6}Thomas Starkie. A Practical Treatise on the Law ofEvidence and Digest of Proofs, in Civil and Criminal Proce-dures[ M].London, J.&W. T. Clarke, 1824:1248.
{7}Frederick G. Kempin. Historical to Anglo-Ameri-can law[M].West Group, 2001:62.
{8}孙长永.沉默权制度研究[M]。北京:法律出版社,2001:32.
{9}The Presumption of Innocence in Practice: A Com-parison Between the Common and the Civil Law[ J].14 Crimi-nal Law Magazine and Reporter 184,(1892):188.
{10}Jerome E. Janssen, The Legal Procedure of the 13thCentury French Inquisition[ D].Pb. D. dissertation, Universityof Wisconsin, 1954:53
{11}贝卡利亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].黄风,译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993 :31.
{12}约翰·亨利·梅利曼.大陆法系[M].顾培东,等,译北京:法律出版社,2004:137.
{13}J. H. Wigmore. A Treatise on the Anglo-Ameri-can system of Evidence in trials at Common Law[ M ].Boston:Little, Brown, 1940:407.
{14}孙长永,等.刑事证明责任制度研究[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2009:42 -64.
{15}Steve Sheppard. Metamorphoses of ReasonableDoubt: How Changes in the Burden of Proof Have Weakenedthe Presumption of Innocence [ J ].78 Notre Dame Law Review1165,(2003):1239.
{16} H. Cleveland Coxe. Personal Liberty in France [ J ].13 Yale Law .Journal 218(1904) :218-220.
{17}刘新魁.《法国刑事诉讼法典》2000年以来的重大修改[G]//陈光中.21世纪域外刑事诉讼立法最新发展,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:225
{18}朗胜.欧盟国家审前羁押与保释制度[M].北京:法律出版社,2006:118.
{19}汉斯·海因里希·耶赛克、托马斯·魏根特.德国刑法教科书(总论)[M].徐久生,译北京:中国法制出版社,2001:180
{20}Stefan Trechsel. Human rights in criminal proceed-ings [ J].Oxford University Press,2005: 170
{21}西尔蒙·西马蒙蒂法国刑事证据制度研究[G]//施鹏鹏,译.何家弘证据学论坛(第12卷),北京:法律出版社,2007:287.
{22}松尾浩也.日本刑事诉讼法[M].张凌,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005:15-18.
{23}Victor Tadros and Stephen Tierney. Presumption ofInnocence and the Human Rights Act [ J ].67 Modern Law Re-view 402,(2004):404.
{24}贝尔纳·布洛克.法国刑事诉讼法[M].罗结珍,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2009:69.
{25}崔云飞.无罪推定之具体实践:以欧洲人权法院判例法为核心[D].台北:台湾大学法律学研究所,2006:36-53.
出处:《现代法学》2010年第4期