Baird & Jackson,Cases,Problems,and Materials on Bankruptcy[M],Little,Brown and Company(1985). 唐丰义:《市场经济与人本主义》,载《经济学家茶座》第二辑,山东人民出版社2000年9月版。 Elizabeth Warren & Jay Lawrence Westbrook, The Law of Debtor and Creditors, Little, Brown and Company(1996). Brian A·Blum,Bankruptcy and Debtor / Creditor,Aspen Law & Business (1993). 潘琪著:《美国破产法》,法律出版社1999年版。
注释: “Automatic stop” 一词是英美破产法上的用语,其字面含义为自动停止,但由于停止后的行为可能根据程序进行的需要而继续进行,因而不如自动冻结更符合制度设立的原意。我国破产法上虽有与此对应的制度却无对应的较为精炼的概念,因而,本文直接借用这一概念来指代这一制度。之所以称之为自动冻结,是指破产申请一旦提出即产生自动冻结的效力,不需当事人另外提出申请或者法院作出命令。见Brian A·Blum,Bankruptcy and Debtor / Creditor,Aspen Law & Business (1993).p.231. 按照美国学者白耶德[Baird]和杰克森[Jackson]的论述,破产法应当看作是“多数债权的一种实现方式”,是对众多作为破产人财产的“公共所有者”都对该公共财产主张权利时,为处置“公共鱼塘”[common pool]问题可能面临的个人随意钓鱼矛盾做出的反映。对债权人来说,破产财产可看作是全体债权人的共同财产即公共鱼塘,由于这一目标的实现可能时时受到个别债权人在公共鱼塘中钓鱼的威胁,所以破产法必须设定一个统一钓鱼的规则和程序。见Baird & Jackson,Cases,Problems,and Materials on Bankruptcy,Little,Brown and Company(1985)。需要指出的是,“Common pool” 一词,在有些经济学著述中翻译为“公共池塘”,其意义是与“tragedy of the commons”(公地灾难)相联系的,然而,Jackson 、Baird 等人在使用“common pool”一词时主要是与防止个别钓鱼相对应的,因而本文将其译为“公共鱼塘”。 有学者指出,到目前为止,人的发展历程已经历了这样几个阶段,动物人阶段、工具人阶段、经济人阶段、社会人阶段、文化人阶段,甚至将来还有可能发展到第6个阶段即异能人阶段。有学者进一步指出,从整个社会的发展来说,“工具人”时代早已过去,甚至已不是“经济人”时代。就世界范围的时代本质而言,人已进入“社会人”阶段。 与经济人的本性保持一定契合的制度设计[这种契合可以使相应的制度更具有操作性]应当建立在这样一种判断之上,自利的动机和行为固然有其消极的一面,但依照这种动机所设计的可供当事人选择适用的制度,其制度参与规制和运行的结果,却不一定是自私和消极的。 在美国,对于故意违反自动冻结条款的债权人不仅不能因此获得优先利益,而且应当对债务人因此遭受的损失负责,情节特别严重的债权人还可能承担惩罚性赔偿的责任,同时可能被控蔑视法庭。 该8种行为是指:(1)the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; (2)the enforcement ,against the debtor or against property of the estate, of a judgment obtained before the commencement of the case under this title; (3)any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate; (4)any act to create, perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate; (5) any act to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor any lien to the extent that such lien secures a claim that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; (6)any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; (7) the setoff of any debt owing to debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title against any claim against the debtor; and (8) the commencement or continuation of a proceeding before the United States Tax Court concerning the debt。
Baird & Jackson,Cases,Problems,and Materials on Bankruptcy[M],Little,Brown and Company(1985).
唐丰义:《市场经济与人本主义》,载《经济学家茶座》第二辑,山东人民出版社2000年9月版。
Elizabeth Warren & Jay Lawrence Westbrook, The Law of Debtor and Creditors, Little, Brown and Company(1996).
Brian A·Blum,Bankruptcy and Debtor / Creditor,Aspen Law & Business (1993).
潘琪著:《美国破产法》,法律出版社1999年版。
注释:
“Automatic stop” 一词是英美破产法上的用语,其字面含义为自动停止,但由于停止后的行为可能根据程序进行的需要而继续进行,因而不如自动冻结更符合制度设立的原意。我国破产法上虽有与此对应的制度却无对应的较为精炼的概念,因而,本文直接借用这一概念来指代这一制度。之所以称之为自动冻结,是指破产申请一旦提出即产生自动冻结的效力,不需当事人另外提出申请或者法院作出命令。见Brian A·Blum,Bankruptcy and Debtor / Creditor,Aspen Law & Business (1993).p.231.
按照美国学者白耶德[Baird]和杰克森[Jackson]的论述,破产法应当看作是“多数债权的一种实现方式”,是对众多作为破产人财产的“公共所有者”都对该公共财产主张权利时,为处置“公共鱼塘”[common pool]问题可能面临的个人随意钓鱼矛盾做出的反映。对债权人来说,破产财产可看作是全体债权人的共同财产即公共鱼塘,由于这一目标的实现可能时时受到个别债权人在公共鱼塘中钓鱼的威胁,所以破产法必须设定一个统一钓鱼的规则和程序。见Baird & Jackson,Cases,Problems,and Materials on Bankruptcy,Little,Brown and Company(1985)。需要指出的是,“Common pool” 一词,在有些经济学著述中翻译为“公共池塘”,其意义是与“tragedy of the commons”(公地灾难)相联系的,然而,Jackson 、Baird 等人在使用“common pool”一词时主要是与防止个别钓鱼相对应的,因而本文将其译为“公共鱼塘”。
有学者指出,到目前为止,人的发展历程已经历了这样几个阶段,动物人阶段、工具人阶段、经济人阶段、社会人阶段、文化人阶段,甚至将来还有可能发展到第6个阶段即异能人阶段。有学者进一步指出,从整个社会的发展来说,“工具人”时代早已过去,甚至已不是“经济人”时代。就世界范围的时代本质而言,人已进入“社会人”阶段。
与经济人的本性保持一定契合的制度设计[这种契合可以使相应的制度更具有操作性]应当建立在这样一种判断之上,自利的动机和行为固然有其消极的一面,但依照这种动机所设计的可供当事人选择适用的制度,其制度参与规制和运行的结果,却不一定是自私和消极的。
在美国,对于故意违反自动冻结条款的债权人不仅不能因此获得优先利益,而且应当对债务人因此遭受的损失负责,情节特别严重的债权人还可能承担惩罚性赔偿的责任,同时可能被控蔑视法庭。
该8种行为是指:(1)the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; (2)the enforcement ,against the debtor or against property of the estate, of a judgment obtained before the commencement of the case under this title; (3)any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate; (4)any act to create, perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate; (5) any act to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor any lien to the extent that such lien secures a claim that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; (6)any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; (7) the setoff of any debt owing to debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title against any claim against the debtor; and (8) the commencement or continuation of a proceeding before the United States Tax Court concerning the debt。