上述对严重损害的确定方法同样可以适用在严重损害威胁的认定中。基于同样的理由,保障措施案件中的严重损害威胁(threat of serious injury)要件要比反倾销案件中的实质性损害威胁(threat of material injury)要件更为严格。在考察严重损害威胁的存在时,调查机关同样要考察一切反映国内产业状况的相关因素,该考察范围不受《保障措施协定》第四条2(a)的限制,以便对国内产业的整体状况做出正确的评估。
WTO上诉机构在美国麦麸案的上诉报告中,将WTO《保障措施协议》对因果关系的上述要求进一步具体化为如下方法[7]:(1)作为调查机关考察因果关系的第一步,调查机关应把进口增加对国内产业所造成的损害与其他因素所造成的损害区分开;(2)第二步,进口增加和其他因素共同造成的损害分别进行归因,以保证由其他因素造成的损害不会归因于进口增加;(3)第三步,判断在进口的增加和严重损害之间是否存在因果关系,是否该因果关系构成两者之间的真实和实质的关系(a genuine and substantial relationship)。
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[1] 数据来源:信息要揽,中国驻英国大使馆经济商务参赞处。http://www.chinese-commercial.org.uk/chinese/2002/020424.htm
[2] Korea-Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, WT/DS98/AB/R, adopted on 12 Jan, 2000;又参见:United States- Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled, or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia, WT/DS177/AB/R and WT/DS178/AB/R;
[3] Report of the Intersessional Working Party on the Complaint of Czechoslovakia Concerning the Withdrawal by the United States of a Tariff Concession under Article XIX of the GATT, GATT/CP/106, adopted 22 October 1951。
[4] Korea-Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Dairy Products, WT/DS98/AB/R, adopted on 12 Jan, 2000。
[5] Argentina- Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, WT/DS121/AB/R, para. 131。
[6] 即WTO《保障措施协定》第4条2(a)规定。
[7] United States-Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Wheat Gluten From the European Communities, WT/DS166/AB/R, para. 69。